The Battle of Thermopylae: How 300 Spartans Held Off Thousands of Persians | DOCUMENTARY

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  • 게시일 2023. 05. 13.
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    In this video, we delve into the historic Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 fearless Spartans stood their ground against the mighty Persian army. Join us as we uncover the strategic brilliance of Leonidas and the unwavering courage of his Spartan warriors. Witness the intense clash between two formidable forces and discover how the Greeks' valiant defense became a symbol of heroism and sacrifice. From the treacherous Anopaia path to the resounding victory at Salamis and Plataea, explore the lasting impact of this legendary battle on ancient history. Don't miss this thrilling retelling of one of the greatest stories of resilience and determination. Subscribe now to embark on an epic journey through the annals of warfare!
    This battle was created using the Total War Attila game engine with the following mods:
    Ancient Empires
    Ancient Empires size x2
    Thermopylae map
    Medieval Warfare graphic
    Please make sure to like and comment. Also, subscribe with the notification bell in order to be advised when the next video drops.
    Music:
    Tyler Cunningham - Thermopylae
    Tyler Cunningham - The Silver Shields

댓글 • 601

  • @AdituLaudisMMXXI
    @AdituLaudisMMXXI  11 개월 전 +87

    Hope you enjoyed this video. Don't forget to leave a like and a comment below, it helps tremendously!

  • @Chebab-Chebab
    @Chebab-Chebab 2 개월 전 +8

    I teach primary.
    I introduced a Friday activity that was basically rough housing - it was awesome.
    On the final day of the year, we had Box Wars. All students and teachers made an outfit out of cardboard, and we had a battle.
    I made a Spartan outfit with a musculatum cuirass, lamda-inscripted hoplon, xiphos, greaves, and crested helm. It gave me the opportunity to turn it into a history lesson.
    Best day of school EVER!!

    • @FrankKelly-yx2cw
      @FrankKelly-yx2cw 개월 전 +1

      Brave, brave men.All men who went into combat, especially those who were outnumbered and knew that they were likely not ever going to see their loved ones again, are heroes. John Wayne said... Courage is being scared shirtless but saddling up anyway.

  • @GEOPOLITICALANALYSIS
    @GEOPOLITICALANALYSIS 3 개월 전 +8

    There's so much context to this war. Man I get chills! Thx for this

  • @ClearMindedOne
    @ClearMindedOne 6 개월 전 +26

    Kudos for the realistic animation and story telling! One glaring omission is the explanation of why Darius I invaded mainland Greece (note: the video says the reasons remains "unclear"). The Greco-Persian Wars were in fact instigated by the Ionian Revolt in 498-499 BCE. This is when the Ionian Greeks, then subjects to the Persian Empire and under the governorship of an Ionian Greek Satrap, rebelled against paying taxes andwhat they considered a tyrannical Ionian governor. In the process, Athens whom Darius I had supported against Sparta, sent troops and ships in support of the revolt. The Western capital city of the Persian empire known as Sardis was sacked and burned by the rebels. Darius I hastily sent a punitive campaign over to retaliate against Athens. The first campaign was a disaster as many of the Persian ships were destroyed in a bad storm. The second attempt which landed the troops at Marathon was routed after the Athenians surprise attacked the Persian infantry and eventually returned to Athens before the main contingency of Persian ships got there. Darius I decided to then formally invade mainland Greece but died at age 64 before completing the mission. It was later taken up by his son Xerxes I who succeeded in sacking and burning Athens and defeating the Greeks at Thermopylae, but a year later the Persian army that was left in place under the Mardonius was finally defeated at the desperate Battle of Plataea. Of note, Darius I solved the Ionian Revolt issue by having a democracy instilled and setting up a system of arbitration going forward for the Ionian Greeks. According to Herodotus, the solution was uniformly praised. It should also be said that there is some irony that after the Persian Wars, the Athenians and Spartans were to go to war with each other, each in turn asking for help from Persia. Eventually both Athens and Sparta agreed to the terms of King Artaxerxes II ("The King's Peace"), that in return for guaranteeing peace, the Greek world would recognize that Asia (including Asia Minor and Ionia) belonged to Persia. So, in a master class of sorts, the Persians helped create the conflict then set the terms of the peace treaty. The f irstPersian empire would remain a super power for another 150 years until it was conquered by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE.

    • @spinylogo3750
      @spinylogo3750 2 개월 전

      The battle animation if from the game total war Rome 2

    • @ChrisJensen-se9rj
      @ChrisJensen-se9rj 개월 전

      You've forgotten SALAMIS.
      The Persian army was totally dependent on ship borne supply.
      Defeating the navy left the Persian army with no choice but to head for home. Greece was neither rich in plunder nor was it capable of sustaining the massive Persian army by stripping the country bare.
      The Athenian Admiral Themistocles lured the Persian fleet into a narrow area between an island and the mainland. Xerxes and his retainer watched the engagement from the heights, and were appalled to witness the nimble Athenian triremes surround the plodding Persian vessels.

  • @muzikizfun
    @muzikizfun 8 개월 전 +52

    While there were only 300 Spartan warriors in the battle, There were a total of 7,000 other Greeks in the pass. When the danger of envelopment occurred, the Spartan King told the others to leave and fight another day. 700 Thespians volunteered to remain and it has been reported that others also remained, including up to 900 helots (slaves of the Spartans) and 400 Thebans.

    • @ferrisbuellertube
      @ferrisbuellertube 7 개월 전 +8

      You're right. Most historians agree that Herodotus who famously wrote about the battle was biased toward the Spartans and in particular didn't like Corinthians and Thebans and so downplayed their role.

    • @jackj9816
      @jackj9816 5 개월 전 +5

      @@ferrisbuellertube I always kind of hated how the movie 300 made it out like the other Greeks fled and only then brave 300 stayed when in reality leonides told them to leave so Greece still had a army

    • @h.y1855
      @h.y1855 3 개월 전 +4

      As a persian (current iran) the ones win the war write the history.the persians lost but there were surely more reasons for a such loss by persians not a mere 300 souls .

    • @papertoyss
      @papertoyss 3 개월 전 +2

      @@h.y1855 The Persians wrote history about their own victories as well, focusing strictly on their enemies' defeats and on their victories. In complete contrast to that, the Greeks though victorius three times against a vast Empire, and though they indeed had every right to brag for their victories, they did no such thing. They managed these victories with maturity as a society, and the Persians with sympathy. This is *clear* in Aeschylus' tragedy "The Persians". This was their worldview: they believed in what they called Hubris, where when someone, overestimating his abilities and power behaved *arrogantly* and offensively towards others, the laws of the state and *above all* against the unwritten divine laws which imposed limits on human behavior, he was considered to be committing "hubris", i.e. he was exhibiting behavior in which he attempted to transcend his mortal nature and assimilate himself to the Gods, insulting the Gods causing their outrage.
      The examples of the Greeks being taught to avoid Hubris are literally thousands : e.g. the myth of Icarus, not to mention every single tragedy and comedy they ever wrote. I hope you are aware of the huge importance of the myths and the plays (tragedies and comedies) in the life of the ancient Greeks, and how they shaped their societies.

    • @papertoyss
      @papertoyss 3 개월 전 +3

      @@ferrisbuellertube Herodotus spent many years of his life in Athens, where he became close friend to Pericles, you know, the one who fought against the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War. Pericles died exactly because the Spartans conducted the first recorded chemical warfare in history, by throwing dead animals in the wells around Athens, causing a pandemic in the city that killed about 30% of its people, including Herodotus close friend Pericles.
      This for saying that Herodotus wrote in favor of the Spartans. He was just being objective.

  • @StuRap
    @StuRap 11 개월 전 +56

    Fantastic and great to see others than just the Spartans (as deserved as it is) receive credit

    • @ridethecurve55
      @ridethecurve55 10 개월 전 +2

      Liked: "Leonidas was eventually killed, and a skirmish broke out around him" LOL
      Me: Wasn't this a Super-skirmish broken out all around them? LOLOL

  • @gregoryhawkins4210
    @gregoryhawkins4210 8 개월 전 +5

    "Go tell the Spartans, passerby, that here by Spartan law we lie."

  • @prometheuseleutherios8645
    @prometheuseleutherios8645 11 개월 전 +5

    Well done, Aditu Laudis, great Job!!!
    Thank you for uploading this magnificent Video!!!

  • @robertvahedi3350
    @robertvahedi3350 6 개월 전 +4

    Great work! This 300 magical number keeps resurfacing to make this lost war by Spartan beyond mythical!

  • @truckingmogul3254
    @truckingmogul3254 11 개월 전 +59

    I am truly appreciative of your work my friend! I never knew the others involved in the battle outside of the Spartans. Your videos continue to improve as well as your storytelling. Thank you for the entertainment and enlightenment.

    • @AdituLaudisMMXXI
      @AdituLaudisMMXXI  11 개월 전 +5

      Thanks!

    • @Jiyukan
      @Jiyukan 10 개월 전 +2

      Actually the final battle at Thermopylae was not roughly 300 spartans + "a few Thebes", the Thebes were 600 - 700, there were fighters from Corinth and a few other cities. In total over 1500 men, not 300 + a few.

    • @oronzobarberio5029
      @oronzobarberio5029 10 개월 전 +4

      ​​@@Jiyukann the final battle Leonidas kept his guard ( about 300) and sent away the others. 700 soldiers from Tespi, commander Demofilus, were ashame to let Leonidas alone and stood there. Leonidas kept also 400 Thebans because Thebe was allied with the Persians. There were no soldiers from Corinto. When the battle began the thebans immediately surrendered, claiming they were allies, but the persians were so angry that killed lot of them. The others were made prisoners and sent to Persia. Spartans and Tespians were all killed. Nonody knows about helots who probably went away before the battle.... Herodotus. In the post there a lot of mistakes.

    • @albertocastillo5763
      @albertocastillo5763 10 개월 전

      And Macedonian war elephants with towers?

    • @DrMarianus
      @DrMarianus 3 개월 전

      @@albertocastillo5763 They had them in Star Wars. That's where they got the idea.

  • @iraklismakridis704
    @iraklismakridis704 9 개월 전 +27

    Mostly Spartans fought with Phalanx which consistent of Hoplites, as well as all ancient Greek cities. It's the Hoplon (shield) that gave the name to the Hoplite as a unit.
    In reality the Hippes, meant cavalry men, but the 300 that was at every moment the (one of the 2) King's guard were fighting always in Phalanx formation and never on horse.
    Sparta had always 2 Kings simultaneously, after 500 BC and later, 1 fighting, the other taking care of internal affairs. Worked 100% fine for many hundreds of years.
    Two important details, spear was 2m long so easy to kill from distance especially Persian Infantry that didnt' have heavy armour like the Spartans that their total armour weighed more than 40 kilos, closer to 50. (Alexander the Great later changed his Spear to make it 6 meters long, which was really impossible to face as an enemy).
    2nd, the shield was not just a round metal unit, had a finish of strong leather part to protect legs from arrows.
    This is why Spartans prevailed for about 500 years in ancient history, plus their warfare was not based on unit, but on formation fightintg, as each soldier would be tight close to the 2 soldiers right and left from him and the soldiers coming from the back, were pushing the front soldiers with their shields, so that the Phalanx would go only straight ahead, killing hundreds of enemies in minutes.
    Also another historical fact. Persian Immortals were not of course immortals but replaceable. They were all from noble families close to the Persian King and when someone would die, another person would take his place for the next fight, hence they were always 10,000.
    The worst movie ever made for Sparta was 300 a few years ago presenting Spartans like an anabolic army fighting without armour, which was so incorrect.
    Also it's Molon Lave and not Labe. This is incorrect.
    Plus the whole mod fails to give a good representation of the phalanx warfare, which is shown correct only for 1 sec in 6:52 with a shield wall. Phalanx's advantage was the shield wall, no unit fought alone or away from the rest. That was the important feature that also made Alexander later victorious over the Persians and all other nations when he united the Greeks (except Spartans) towards the Persians.
    Best novel book that represents exactly the Spartan warrior life, warfare and this battle is 'Gates of Fire' by author Steven Pressfield. Or any good history book.
    Both the comic, the movie 300 and most of the mentions everywhere are incorrect and pay no respect to the ancient Spartans.
    Also, historical fact, Leonidas' garrison were 300, but there were more Laconians, which didn't count as Spartan citizens, but could bear arms. So total Spartan army, was about 1000 men.
    In the end of the battle Leonidas being already dead, was beheaded and buried, something that the Persians were not used to do as they respected enemies that fought bravely, but it was due to Xerxes' frustration that did do.
    Leonidas' remainings were retrieved by Spartans 40 years later and transferred in Sparta, buried with honours and games and festivies were organized to honour a great man and warrior.
    His tomb can be visited today close to the main square of modern Sparta and is probably the only remain of ancient Sparta as the city was destroyed many centuries later by a disastrous earthquake.
    Can see the tomb here: mythicalpeloponnese.gr/tafos-leonida-ena-entyposiako-ikodomima-diastaseon-125ch830-metron/
    It's a cenotaph, means it's empty today and can see only from outside.
    Born and raised in Sparta in 1974, I breathe this history every day.
    Ancient Hellenic cities are the main reason, why rest of the Europe is not Persian now.

    • @user-or2dv4hg3d
      @user-or2dv4hg3d 9 개월 전 +2

      Хиппы - что это, впервые слышу. Кавалерия Спарты состояла из 300 гиппеев, избранных лучшими,среди всех эфебов- спартиатов. Кавалерия называлась " илами".Все вооружение гоплитов весили до 30 килограмм,но никак не больше. Туда входил шлем,панцырь, щит гоплон, защита предплечья правой руки,поножи и возможно, набедренники. Хотя последнее снаряжение могло уже выйти из употребления к моменту 480 года до н.э. Оченьзавидую Вам,как родившемуся в Спарте. Я старше на 10 лет,но всю жизнь собирал литературу про Спарту и всегда был на ее стороне,чтобы они не совершали. С некоторыми историками древности я не согласен,так как они были уроженцами враждебных Спарте полисов. Копья эллинов были длиннее персидских где тона полметра- метр. Метр шестьдеся против двух- трёх метровых гоплитских копий. А у персов,кроме плетеных ивовых щитов, были чешуйчатые египетские панцыри, прикрытые одеждой. Кроме самих персов, в армии находились египтяне, Саки, скифы, союзные персам греческие гоплиты,жители Малой Азии и другие покорные персам народы. Но их перечисленных, воины имел довольно неплохое тяжёлое вооружение. По подсчётам, среди погибших, образовался неустанный отряд в 700- 1000 человек. Историки предполагают, что возможно 300 - это сопровождавшие спартиатов илоты,а остальные - гоплиты периэки. Хотя легендарный случай с случайно уцелевшим спартанцем, страдающим глазной болезнью. Услышав,что все спартанцы пошли в последнюю битву, включая раненных, он приказал своему илоту довести его до сражающихся. Тот довел слепого спартанцы до битвы и УБЕЖАЛ. Спартанец погиб. Персидское войско было никак не меньше 350 - 500 тысяч. А при Платеях эллинов было только гоплитов до 70 тысяч,плюс 35 тысяч легковооруженных илотов и несколько лучников, пращников и метателей дротиков из других полисов. Впрочем, это все знакомо, но мне всегда приятно вспоминать эти славные года в истории.

    • @ioioioiioioioi6264
      @ioioioiioioioi6264 9 개월 전 +3

      Μπράβο μεγάλε. Αυτό μόνο. Μπράβο σου.

    • @paokpantou6021
      @paokpantou6021 3 개월 전

      @@user-or2dv4hg3d Μπράβο φίλε για το ενδιαφέρον που δείχνεις στην Ελληνική ιστορία. Δυστυχώς οι πολιτικοί της Ελλάδας δεν κάνουν το ίδιο. Αν ζούσε ο Λεωνίδας ή ο Αλέξανδρος, θα τους έστελναν όλους εξορία ή θα τους εκτελούσαν.

    • @mondalakiiscmet
      @mondalakiiscmet 2 개월 전

      A big salute to you for the informative write up. Will try to read the book mentioned. Dr. A. K. Mondal from India.

    • @FrankKelly-yx2cw
      @FrankKelly-yx2cw 개월 전

      ​@@paokpantou602120:19

  • @thesaints-7-andrew.
    @thesaints-7-andrew. 11 개월 전 +7

    Watching from Greece.hi everybody.
    Very interesting video.

  • @TheSteveKlattProject
    @TheSteveKlattProject 7 개월 전 +9

    A great video. It is important for us to study and understand history. Especially moments in the past like this. I so enjoy Greek and Roman history I even wrote a song about the fall of Rome... something that wouldn't be possible without studying history.
    Please keep videos like this coming. Thank you for posting!!

  • @PiLLows1979
    @PiLLows1979 11 개월 전 +8

    Awesome video as always 😎
    Thank you 👍

  • @FrontlinePros
    @FrontlinePros 11 개월 전 +3

    Great Video. Thanks for all the additional info.

  • @dannyfubar3099
    @dannyfubar3099 8 개월 전 +3

    Excellent post, thank you for sharing.

  • @mikelewis7405
    @mikelewis7405 8 개월 전 +15

    Excellent video and very good simulation of the battle. The main thing left out was the wall across the pass built by the Greeks. Aside from their armor, the wall protected the Greeks from the many Persian archers

  • @utilizator2094
    @utilizator2094 9 개월 전 +5

    Au fost foarte bine antrenați și au cunoscut bine teritoriul lor și l-au aparat cu prețul .
    😊

  • @BellumCinematicsTotalWar
    @BellumCinematicsTotalWar 11 개월 전 +5

    Awesome video! I hope that one day, I will be able to record this propperly! :D

  • @EuropeanGuys922
    @EuropeanGuys922 개월 전 +1

    Amazing content! You brought me to the total war franchise and with the translations on my native language bulgarian this makes me extremely happy

  • @albertocastillo5763
    @albertocastillo5763 10 개월 전 +16

    The animation is superb, breathtaking. Very realistic. Great job.

  • @balogh9015
    @balogh9015 11 개월 전 +3

    This video is important to me. Thank You!

  • @RaineAsteria
    @RaineAsteria 11 개월 전 +31

    Thank you for uploading these! I used to watch stuff like this all the time on History channel... when they showed actual history. :(

    • @AdituLaudisMMXXI
      @AdituLaudisMMXXI  11 개월 전 +7

      Thanks for the support. Much appreciated

    • @rgk9999
      @rgk9999 11 개월 전 +4

      You mean Pawn Stars is not real history? 😉

    • @albertocastillo5763
      @albertocastillo5763 10 개월 전

      Sassanid cataphracts and Greek hepteres are shown at the beginning of the video. There are no mention of them in ancient sources for this wars.

    • @albertocastillo5763
      @albertocastillo5763 10 개월 전

      And you call THIS real history? Now I have seen the whole video and it is incredibly full of nonsense and invented facts that never took place

    • @albertocastillo5763
      @albertocastillo5763 10 개월 전

      And you call THIS real history? Now I have seen the whole video and it is incredibly full of nonsense and invented facts that never took place

  • @herewegoagain1140
    @herewegoagain1140 11 개월 전 +7

    Great video as always 😎

  • @towdjumper5
    @towdjumper5 8 개월 전 +2

    Great Stuff.Thank you for this great "cast".

  • @harryweiser9597
    @harryweiser9597 11 개월 전 +40

    According to Herodotus, Darius wanted to punish the Greeks for not honoring their pledge of “water and earth” for his help when they asked for his help in overthrowing their tyrant Hippo. The Athenians eventually did it themselves and didn’t take the pledge seriously when he demanded their help in putting down Greek rebellion in the colonies of Ionia. He saw this as an affront and went to punish them for their treachery. So started the Greco-Persian conflict.

    • @ronaldmessina4229
      @ronaldmessina4229 10 개월 전 +5

      H2O is the most important thing in war or peace

    • @oronzobarberio5029
      @oronzobarberio5029 10 개월 전 +5

      The war began when the Ellenes (Greece and greek are roman words) who lived on the actual shores of Turkey, part of the Persian kingdom, started to rebel against Persia. They asked help to the ellenic cities ( political there was no State, but cities). Only Athens and another small city, Eretria, helped them, but they lost the war and Darius asked who were this Ellenes. Thus he sent a fleet with an army against Athens. The athenians asked help to the Spartans who came late because of religious problems (not Olimpic games), but at Marathon, with only the help of soldiers of Platea (if I remember correct) and all the Athenians soldiers won and the Persians had to retreat. Darius swore revenge and his son tried to do it, this is why they attacked Ellas by land. And Thebe, Argo and other cities, including the Ellenes of the turkish shores, fought or were allied of the Persian. Herodotus

    • @muzikizfun
      @muzikizfun 8 개월 전

      The simple "water and earth" pledge, was not simple at all. It was admission of slave status to the Persians and being at their call. Spartans couldn't be Spartans if they complied. To put it in easier to understand terms: "GIVE ME LIBERTY OR GIVE ME DEATH!"

    • @familydellavecchia229
      @familydellavecchia229 4 개월 전

      Lol

    • @bsbgsn3677
      @bsbgsn3677 개월 전

      @@oronzobarberio5029 Moron, there is NO SUCH THING : turkish shore ??..ANATOLIA THEN WERE GREEK, NOW IS GREEK, AND FOREVER WILL BE GREEK .

  • @jaysartori9032
    @jaysartori9032 2 개월 전 +13

    "Non shell pass!" The brave Leonidas and the 300 Spartans didn't die they still lived on!

  • @emperorofthefrench6553
    @emperorofthefrench6553 10 개월 전 +7

    Looks really good! I got a battle suggestion, do The Battle of Pharsalus!

  • @alexandermittelbock6171
    @alexandermittelbock6171 11 개월 전 +7

    😍 really nice i love it👌🏻💪🏻💪🏻

  • @underalions2023
    @underalions2023 8 개월 전 +1

    Great video enjoyed watching it

  • @ravensthatflywiththenightm7319

    Subscribed 🧿
    And Happy New Year! 🎆

  • @wartiko6221
    @wartiko6221 11 개월 전 +3

    Good evening, Aditu laudis Your content is really high quality and educational, as knowledge of the history of ancient civilizations for today's civilization lessons, that the value of their heroism and toughness is very unique, thank you Your content is amazing, Iloveyou ❤️, 🇲🇨👍 war, south Sumatra, Republic of Indonesia,

  • @piron2730
    @piron2730 11 개월 전 +2

    awesome as always : D

  • @bradleesulentic2968
    @bradleesulentic2968 10 개월 전 +8

    Well made video. I just wish it was historically accurate. The "pass" at Thermopylae was not a pass like what most people think. It was actually a very narrow stretch of land sandwiched between VERY steep mountains and the sea. Yet, multiple times in the video you allude to it being a traditional pass between two hills or mountains. It would've taken a few minutes of research to learn that. Also, that area is not desert-like at all, but, that's just me being nitpicky.
    And before anyone challenges my assertions, I've stood on the battlefield at Thermopylae. Though the sea has receded quite a bit, it's still quite easy to picture what happened there.

    • @AdituLaudisMMXXI
      @AdituLaudisMMXXI  10 개월 전

      I apologize for some system limitations about the battlefield itself

    • @thethinredline4714
      @thethinredline4714 8 개월 전

      another thing is : The Persian cavalry shown here are Cataphract and they didn't exist at that time, they were invented by the the Partians a few hundred years later as a responce to Alexander the great if they had been present at Thermopylae it would have been the end of the Greek

  • @papafredbeatS
    @papafredbeatS 11 개월 전 +4

    support from italy🇮🇹

  • @user-zj3ig7uh5m
    @user-zj3ig7uh5m 9 개월 전 +4

    Bravo !!! Great animation!! Great analysis!!!
    Only two comments on the fly .
    1. The helmets you show are of the "korinthian" type. The "Spartan" type are the ones in the movie "300" but with the feathers parallell to the eyes for the high ranked soldiers in order to be recognized from afar = Much more advanced that the other helmets. The Athenians had similar ones too.
    2. The Spartans recovered Leonidas' body four times dragging him back and forth and finally keeping him between them at the last effort until the end of the battle. The Persians never possesed his body.They've found it after Xerxes' orders underneath the dead Spartans only after the end of the battle not before. And they cut his head off putting it on a stick aside the road to be seen while the remaining troops marched towards central Greece. Stupid dissision by a non the less very great nation...

    • @gregoryhawkins4210
      @gregoryhawkins4210 8 개월 전

      Actually the Spartan helmets shown on this video are the "pilos" style helmet from the later Spartan period it's decline, and because this is taken from Rome II Total war which is set later than the golden age of Sparta when they wore Corinthian style helmets which is what they wore in the 300 movie. On a side note, the Spartan attendants that were not full citizens that acted as a type of squire probably wore Attic or Thracian style helmets to set them apart from the chosen 300.

    • @thethinredline4714
      @thethinredline4714 8 개월 전

      another thing : The Persian cavalry shown here are Cataphract and they didn't exist at that time, they were invented by the the Partians a few hundred years later as a responce to Alexander the great if they had been present at Thermopylae it would have been the end of the Greek

    • @pike100
      @pike100 3 개월 전

      *decision

  • @baronghede2365
    @baronghede2365 9 개월 전 +8

    I'm very proud of the Spartans, Blessed Be.

  • @Jarlemoore1
    @Jarlemoore1 7 개월 전 +3

    The Persians thought 300 Spartans were bad, they met up with the thousands of the Spartan army backed by nearly 30,000 other Greeks at Platea and even though they outnumbered the Greeks by 3 to 1 the Greeks still stomped them and made them flee.

  • @salvadorcerezojimenez1417
    @salvadorcerezojimenez1417 11 개월 전 +11

    Gran Persia con Ciro. Y Con el Gran Dario. Admirado por los mismos griegos. En el ejercito Persa ivan muchos Mercenarios Griegos de Asia.

    • @aggelosavgoustidis4447
      @aggelosavgoustidis4447 5 개월 전

      Οι Έλληνες μισθοφόροι ήταν οι πιο ακριβό πληρωμένοι εκείνη την εποχή και πριν, λογω της πολεμικής τους εμπειρίας. Οι Αιγύπτιοι τους χρησιμοποιούσαν από την εποχή των Φαραώ όπως ο Ραμσης ΙΙ

  • @IvanIvanov-vs1mq
    @IvanIvanov-vs1mq 6 개월 전 +3

    It's a legend. In reality, either there were orders of magnitude fewer Persians or many more Spartans. More likely the former.

  • @Shem-tn5or
    @Shem-tn5or 4 개월 전 +2

    underrated channel man why does this video only have 4.8k likes?!

  • @Username-o6zf
    @Username-o6zf 6 개월 전 +3

    With great confidence, respect for the battle and most importantly a relentless leadership and self determination for the nation and country within Sparta. There he was, Leonidas I

  • @benni_glizzy231
    @benni_glizzy231 6 개월 전 +2

    This video fire🔥🔥

  • @Annatar
    @Annatar 11 개월 전 +5

    Video was great! But there are so many mods for Total War that include models for hoplites that are more like 5th century BCE equipment! You should have used those :)

  • @mariakelly90210
    @mariakelly90210 4 개월 전 +1

    It's just not the same without Michael Fassbender shouting "This is Sparta!" every 2 minutes.

  • @Venzo_Tanq
    @Venzo_Tanq 9 개월 전 +3

    9:29 anyone else see that poor dude jump into that spear😭😂

  • @bluegeniusw1186
    @bluegeniusw1186 11 개월 전 +4

    Superb. Will you make The Battle Of Pelusium next ? Cheers from Poland ;).

  • @fardin_salehi
    @fardin_salehi 11 개월 전 +10

    ❤Thank you for your good video. Please, just as you make a video about the resistance of the Greeks, please make a video about the bravery of Areobarzan against Alexander. ❤

    • @dashmojtaba2
      @dashmojtaba2 10 개월 전

      آفرین داداش خوب چیزی بهشون گفتی من اروپاییهارو دوست دارم تاریخون کانسرن اولم هست. اما بپذیریم اونها در دلشون فقط رویاپردازی میکنن و همیشه میخوان برتر حساب بشن وقایع مسلم تاریخی رو انکار میکنن و با افسانه سازی مانع دیده شدن شکوه رقباشون میشن. کمدی الهی شاهکار دانته رو بخونی یه جاهاییش دانته آشکارا از رقابت و حسادت هوطنانش نسبت به پارسیها حرف میزنه خلاصه هر قدرم کارشون درست باشه این تکبر و تعصبشون رو نمیپذیرم اومدن دست گذاشتن روی نبردی که بزرگترین شکست تاریخ اروپا از ایران بوده و اساس فتح آتن بود و با کارتونو و ادا و اطواری مسخره و دروغگویی میخوان ماست مالیش کنن اگه اونا یه الکساندر داشتن ما شاهای زیادی داشتیم که یونانی و رومی رو به فضاحت لجن مال کردن

    • @user-ro7ky9sq3t
      @user-ro7ky9sq3t 7 개월 전 +1

      Im macedonian from vergina the bjrthplace of alexandros ...we see all the asian kings satraps generals and mmmmmmaaaany others even besus what happend when he kill hes king .the sfeterismim of the persian throne

  • @brutus4013
    @brutus4013 8 개월 전 +6

    I love the way the Spartans get all the credit . Leonidas and the 300 decided to stay with some Thebans .400 Thebans isn’t some Thebans . Also , what about the estimated 700 Thespians and 900 helots that stayed and fought as well .Give some mention and respect to them .

    • @tiresiaslakedemonios5571
      @tiresiaslakedemonios5571 7 개월 전 +1

      Credit must be given to all participated in battle, but when we are talking about Spartans we mean the Elite Special forces of the time raised from childhood with extreme discipline and fighting skills in highest level. The rest were just regular wariors fought bravely too.

  • @user-yy9lg6gs4h
    @user-yy9lg6gs4h 9 개월 전 +18

    This is said to be history's most epic last stand. How glorious it would have been to die at Thermopylae and be remembered in honour forever!

    • @Douglas.Scott.McCarron
      @Douglas.Scott.McCarron 9 개월 전 +1

      Though you wouldn't be remembered, that is just your inner imagination worshiping itself. But no one would know of you.

    • @yingames275
      @yingames275 9 개월 전 +2

      @@Douglas.Scott.McCarronyep the only one who got remembered was leonidas

    • @Douglas.Scott.McCarron
      @Douglas.Scott.McCarron 9 개월 전

      @@yingames275 And all he did was get killed.

    • @thethinredline4714
      @thethinredline4714 8 개월 전

      A new time of heroes have arisen, never have Europe been in greater danger, play your part

    • @nighttrain0424
      @nighttrain0424 7 개월 전 +1

      Lol what a bunch of romantics

  • @chrisbutler501
    @chrisbutler501 2 개월 전 +1

    Great video. Great animation. I like to study ancient civilizations

  • @hariszark7396
    @hariszark7396 10 개월 전 +22

    The last moments of the Spartans and helping allies were under heavy arrow and stones and spears firing from a distance.
    Even in lower numbers and between two armies they were still feared by the Persians in close combat.
    Thus they killed them from afar.

    • @Ellinas-qq6xb
      @Ellinas-qq6xb 7 개월 전 +1

      🇬🇷🇬🇷🇬🇷🇬🇷🇬🇷Οι ήρωες πολεμάνε ωπος οι Έλληνες 🇬🇷

    • @Tirafkan
      @Tirafkan 5 개월 전

      Its what your historians wrote which is all showing spartans true warriors and persians as some peasants, but the truth is no army could stand persian immortal guard back then, yes leonidas and his soldiers were brave as they were persians, I didn’t see this documentary very reasonable in many ways

    • @Tirafkan
      @Tirafkan 5 개월 전 +1

      No army could resist persian immortal guard in the ancient times, greec author tried to honour leonidas sacrifice and bravery thats all, its not reasonable 300 people could stand thousands of elite warriors for a long time, with respect

    • @hariszark7396
      @hariszark7396 5 개월 전

      @@Tirafkan It seems that KRplus doesn't want me to give you an answer. It keeps deleting my comments.
      . KRplus can't handle the truth.

    • @hariszark7396
      @hariszark7396 5 개월 전

      @@Tirafkan Whatever man.
      I was not there.
      You were not there.
      What we have is the historical documents.
      And they say that 300 Spartans and a few more allies (about 1000 people) were fighting with a huge army for days doing something impossible.
      But what we KNOW for sure is:
      A) Xerxes army was huge and strong. No one said they were weak fighters. But that makes the Spartan resistance an even bigger achievement. No one wanted to fight a weak enemy in Greece because that was against their glory of the victory.
      B) Spartan's died in that battle BUT it was a devastating "win" for Xerxes that made him reconsider his attack to Greece fighting all the Greek armies at once. That IS a fact.

  • @arthurthemacarthur4334
    @arthurthemacarthur4334 7 개월 전 +2

    The immortals also used to carry the bodies of their own casualties when in battle, making it seem that their numbers were always the same, no matter how many battles they face.

    • @chrisgoold9816
      @chrisgoold9816 4 개월 전

      Name a battle where the Immortals excelled. Then name 3....pretty hard. They were elite in name alone

  • @salvadorcerezojimenez1417
    @salvadorcerezojimenez1417 11 개월 전 +7

    El Rey Demaratos. Estaba con Jerjes el Rey Persa. Y le dijo que los Espartanos aunque se quedarán solos lucharían hasta la Muerte.

  • @paulstarr6316
    @paulstarr6316 28 일 전 +1

    The Spartan courage has never been doubted but it's always the same old story-- the 300 Spartans.I know this video has mentioned the thousands of others but generally they don't get a mention.It's surely about time the story was amended to give the other Greeks proper recognition.I'm no history buff & maybe I've misread things but I think the 'headlines' re the Spartans needs sorting.

  • @Huy-G-Le
    @Huy-G-Le 10 개월 전 +3

    History: Thebe was there, fighting with the 300 Spartan.
    Popular modern culture: Spartan was there only.

  • @iandemontfort4276
    @iandemontfort4276 8 개월 전 +2

    Many other Greeks died there as well. The fact remains that there were more than 300 Spartans opposing the Persians. It's an injustice to only celebrate the Spartans in this.

  • @davecollins6122
    @davecollins6122 3 개월 전

    To add context, “Thermopylae” translates to “The hot gate”.
    It was called that as it was a narrow strip of land between the hills and the sea that had a hot water sulphur spring nearby.
    Today the sea has retreated and what was a narrow gate, is now a wide open area.

  • @nikhtose
    @nikhtose 8 개월 전 +3

    Wonderful visuals, but topography of Thermopylae is not correct. The narrow pass was not flanked on both sides by mountains, but only to the west. To the east was the Gulf of Euboea, where the allied Greek fleet protected the Spartan right flank against the Persian navy.

  • @ted5567
    @ted5567 11 개월 전 +9

    ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ.

  • @santinodagostino02
    @santinodagostino02 11 개월 전 +3

    Amazing pls more greek vids

  • @violaris95
    @violaris95 9 개월 전 +3

    The Battle of Thermopylae with the 300 Spartans, alongside the forces from Thebes, Thespiae, and others, was absolutely epic! Can someone please tell me the name of the sound starting at 19:40 in the video?

    • @helmetmcbarin
      @helmetmcbarin 9 개월 전

      Always read the description don't be lazy

    • @violaris95
      @violaris95 8 개월 전

      @@helmetmcbarin It seems you overlooked the description, the music mentioned doesn't match my request, implying possible laziness

    • @helmetmcbarin
      @helmetmcbarin 8 개월 전 +1

      ​@@violaris95 that's weird why would they not include all the songs? I'd recommend checking other songs that artist made in particular "Tyler Cunningham", it sounds like epic core music/ epic music, there are many songs which sound similar in that genre so I'm sure if you search that you'll find something atleast similar to that

  • @salvadorcerezojimenez1417
    @salvadorcerezojimenez1417 11 개월 전 +7

    Los Espartiatas o Lacedemonios. Espartanos. Desde muy corta edad dejaban a su familia y se preparaban para ser un guerrero perfecto. Un chiquillo espartano con 14.años.mato a un lobo con sus manos. Ya era soldado. Viviria en cuarteles con mucha disciplina. Y podria dejarse crecer el pelo. Un privilegio de los guerreros.

    • @yiannisal2526
      @yiannisal2526 11 개월 전 +2

      Muy pocos Griegos saben todas las detalles que escribes amigo... felicitaciones de un griego

  • @kingjoe3rd
    @kingjoe3rd 2 개월 전

    Love the video. You could probably eliminate those texture pop-ins with a script extender add-on. I'm sure that they probably exist for Total War as they do with other games. I've used them with the Fallout New Vegas and 4 mostly.

    • @AdituLaudisMMXXI
      @AdituLaudisMMXXI  개월 전

      Which texture pop-ins? And not aware of any mods that do that. This is not Fallout lol

  • @VergilTheDealer
    @VergilTheDealer 9 개월 전 +2

    We need the battle of Plataea

  • @sheilabanks7240
    @sheilabanks7240 11 개월 전 +5

    IS THIS WHERE THE SAYING COMES FROM, " TO RUN A MARATHON" THE MESSENGER,. 200 MILES ?

    • @ericv.1420
      @ericv.1420 10 개월 전

      Battle of Marathon was many years earlier, 490 BC near Athen. King Dareios of Persia tried to invade Greece. The hoplite phalanx of the new "democracy" of Athen (only rich people could get the hoplite gear) crushed that army. That some messenger then ran to Athen to tell the news and died doing that, is likely a fairy tale. Instead the whole Army with their gear rushed in a hurry the roughly 42 km (in just roughly 4 hours!) to Athen as it was still threaten by Persian Navy.

  • @pacoispro7406
    @pacoispro7406 9 개월 전 +2

    Don’t forget the Locrians! they also pitched in

  • @anthonydefex3465
    @anthonydefex3465 11 개월 전 +4

    This little video was more realistic than the movie 300. I'm sure traitor Ehpialtes was not a bald muscular hunchback

    • @hariszark7396
      @hariszark7396 10 개월 전

      The movie was was an adaptation of a comix book.
      Not really historical representation.
      Although it enraptured the real atmosphere of the Spartans and their death.

  • @davidtribble485
    @davidtribble485 11 개월 전 +85

    I enjoyed your video; however, between 300 and 500 helots died. The helots were basically slaves and had no choice in their fate.

    • @faren0003
      @faren0003 10 개월 전 +13

      When you talk about Achaemenid Iran and Cyrus the Great, it means that the first government that came banned slavery and took it, that is, the first king who in history was named the best and greatest king in the world, who had no slaves, that's why many lands went to Iran without war. Joining, that big land that you see from Iran, if slavery was widespread in it, it would not have a million army and many races like India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq and the Arabs would be extinct now, while in the movie Three Hundred King Darius, we are called a murderer. Show and a devil slave owner, right now if you enter the American laws that Abraham Lincoln created about the prohibition of slavery, write his law from the inscription of Cyrus the Great, which is now in the British Museum.The movie 300 was a big insult to us Iranians! Because they changed our entire history and presented it as a lie, and our current stupid government only looked and said nothing and changed our history with the intention of changing it, as an Iranian, I cannot forgive the arrival of our original and best king. Showing a devil, while the Spartans themselves were legally enslaved! And no matter how you see the film, it is clear that they made this out of hatred, the hatred that the Jews have for us,I must mention that Iran was one of the first governments that came, the same Jews who are changing our history now, saved them from slavery and freed them. This action was done by Cyrus the Great, and it is even written in the Torah and the Christian Bible, and so on. In our other historical books! however many false films they make about our history Again,
      history can never be changed!
      and in the end it will be clear who was really evil and who was really good!

    • @xaralampos-vasileiosvamvak8053
      @xaralampos-vasileiosvamvak8053 9 개월 전 +4

      And also 800 Thespians

    • @FaeezKasturi
      @FaeezKasturi 9 개월 전 +3

      ​@@xaralampos-vasileiosvamvak8053 yea we know aditu already said it

    • @user-zq3fh7pz6v
      @user-zq3fh7pz6v 8 개월 전 +2

      @@faren0003 bro helot the slaves where not spartans they where mesinian another greek state but not spartans also persia had slaves too but they treated them better than the greeks thats why he was called cyrus the great

    • @nathanlucas1824
      @nathanlucas1824 8 개월 전

      So how did he cause that

  • @salvadorcerezojimenez1417
    @salvadorcerezojimenez1417 11 개월 전 +1

    La Construccion de un puente de barcos. Para atravesar el Hesponto. Es todo un trabajo de ingenieria.

  • @comradericefarmerhao2269
    @comradericefarmerhao2269 11 개월 전 +3

    What troops did you use for the the immortals?

  • @TropicalCoder
    @TropicalCoder 3 개월 전 +1

    Wow!

  • @James-jl9lm
    @James-jl9lm 개월 전

    Unnamed Spartan spy: "Their arrows are so numerous, they'll blot out the sun!"
    Dikenes: (snorts derisively) "Then we will have our battle in the shade!"

  • @albertocastillo5763
    @albertocastillo5763 10 개월 전 +2

    Amazing to see Seleucid elephants. Where are these mentioned in history? And the Immortals are Saxons? Or Vikings?

  • @Heltwars
    @Heltwars 11 개월 전 +1

    Nice Battle

  • @Ellinas-qq6xb
    @Ellinas-qq6xb 7 개월 전 +2

    Οι ήρωες πολεμάνε ωπος οι Έλληνες 🇬🇷🇬🇷🇬🇷🇬🇷🇬🇷🇬🇷❤️👍

  • @fogak69
    @fogak69 10 개월 전

    Yeee. Leonidas narrator: persions! Coming get down!!!

  • @fredidiez7670
    @fredidiez7670 2 개월 전 +1

    The modern battle of thermopyl:
    -1539 siege of castelnuovo. 3500 spanish tercios against 55.000 otomans, or
    1582 battle of cagayan. 40 spanish tercios against 1000 samurai.. or
    1520 battle of Tenochtitlan. 400 spanish soldiers against 30.000 aztec

  • @someshorts6761
    @someshorts6761 7 개월 전 +2

    14:02 There were no war elephants at Thermopylae.

  • @HouseJawn
    @HouseJawn 8 개월 전 +1

    It must take forever to animate these 😳

  • @boriskaragiannis
    @boriskaragiannis 5 개월 전 +1

    6:00 hmm i think Spartans did not have the "Λ" yet in the shields...it was set after this

  • @utilizator2094
    @utilizator2094 9 개월 전 +4

    Și noi
    Românii să ținem minte chiar de santem putini teritoriul ne ajuta dragi daci .romani

  • @TheWobogiba
    @TheWobogiba 10 개월 전 +4

    I would have liked to see more maps and explanations, as the animations appear to be quite wrong. . The greek army was not fighting as shown, and the geography of the site was quite different from what appears in the video. Likely a lot of work for you to build that video, but it is more of a fictional movie than an historical document.

    • @AdituLaudisMMXXI
      @AdituLaudisMMXXI  10 개월 전

      This is due to the limitatiom of the animation engine. The perfect battlemap doesn't exist

  • @ryanthuranira6036
    @ryanthuranira6036 11 개월 전 +4

    Nice video many myths sorround this story many think Spartans were alone which is false

    • @AndreasKoutris
      @AndreasKoutris 11 개월 전 +1

      Οχι. Δεν ηταν μονοι. Στην τελικη μαχη, ηταν 298 Σπαρτιατες και 700 Θεσπιεις, που ο βασιλιας τους ο Δημοφιλος, ειπε στον Λεωνιδα οτι, δεν θα σε αφησω να δρεψεις μονος σου την δοξα των θερμοπυλων. Αυτα τα αναφερει ο Ηροδοτος ο ιστορικος.

  • @iancoles1349
    @iancoles1349 5 개월 전

    Was the pass 50m wide at the time between the sea and the cliff at that time footage of it now is that the sea retreated and geography a lot different lots of walls and gullies there now.But if narrow past can see how they held them off.Arrows took them out eventually.Thoughts please

  • @virgilius7036
    @virgilius7036 8 개월 전 +1

    They were not fighting alone. In the beginning there were about 7,000 Greeks
    The third day 2100: 1,000 Lacedaemonians including 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians, 400 Thebans.

    • @dimitristoupakisAT
      @dimitristoupakisAT 7 개월 전

      Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (Λακεδαίμων, Lakedaímōn), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese.

  • @salvadorcerezojimenez1417
    @salvadorcerezojimenez1417 11 개월 전 +3

    Temidtocles tuvo un gesto Diplometico en Corinto. Al apoyar a Esparta para que dirigirra el Ejercito. Y la Flota.

  • @socratesarvanitakis8547
    @socratesarvanitakis8547 3 개월 전 +1

    Thermopylae
    Honor to those who in the life they lead
    define and guard a Thermopylae.
    Never betraying what is right,
    consistent and just in all they do
    but showing pity also, and compassion;
    generous when they're rich, and when they're poor,
    still generous in small ways,
    still helping as much as they can;
    always speaking the truth,
    yet without hating those who lie.
    And even more honor is due to them
    when they foresee (as many do foresee)
    that Ephialtis will turn up in the end,
    that the Medes will break through after all.
    Classics
    Constantine P. Cavafy 1863 - 1933

  • @kimberlainodriscoll4781
    @kimberlainodriscoll4781 3 개월 전 +3

    It were more than 300 Spartans. There were roughly 8000 Greek defenders from a variety of city states.

    • @elenilepouri7253
      @elenilepouri7253 2 개월 전

      And they retreated after persians surrounded them . Leonidas and his guard ( 300) stayed

  • @thegremlin3194
    @thegremlin3194 8 개월 전

    I would love to know where the elephants come into this battle I have red Herodotus and Xenophon and no mention of elephants

  • @jurgenaschmetat5227
    @jurgenaschmetat5227 3 개월 전

    So ein wahnsinn ..

  • @NapoleonTotal
    @NapoleonTotal 11 개월 전

    Suggestions:
    the battle of hefei
    The battle of Toba-Fushimi
    Battle of sekigahara
    Battle of Ipsus

  • @mrtecsom6951
    @mrtecsom6951 4 개월 전 +5

    I have always argued (usually with myself) how wound up I get when all that is mentioned about the battle of Thermopylae is the 300 Spartans.
    In my not at all humble opinion the sacrifice made by the Thespians who remained behind to die was far greater than Leonidas.
    The 700 Thespians consisted of their entire army and not just the tiny token force that Sparta sent

    • @Anonymous-bt9tj
      @Anonymous-bt9tj 3 개월 전

      Youre calling the 300 Spartan Royal Guards which was the best and elite force of Sparta a *Tiny Token* ???
      How nice of you for *Not being humble* but just being rude.

    • @Anonymous-bt9tj
      @Anonymous-bt9tj 3 개월 전

      Leonidas picked his best fighters to fight and die alongside him. And the Thespians just shared the Honor with them. And we don't even know if the 700 thespians are veterans or Militia's at that time.

  • @salvadorcerezojimenez1417
    @salvadorcerezojimenez1417 11 개월 전 +4

    Una Revuelta en Egipto retraso la Expedicion a Grecia.

  • @Bullseyearchery
    @Bullseyearchery 8 개월 전 +1

    The name of the Greek Traitor Ephialtes means Nightmare in Greek.

  • @Ulises-Gonzalez-3131
    @Ulises-Gonzalez-3131 10 개월 전 +3

    Batalla perdida de los griegos, pero guerra ganada gloriosamente.

  • @johnbooth1110
    @johnbooth1110 2 개월 전 +8

    Excuse me it wasnt just 300 Spartans it was 3500 thousands alien hopilie from all over Greece ,

    • @anonymoushey2710
      @anonymoushey2710 8 일 전 +1

      Didn’t say it was just 300 did he though. Gave figures

  • @Ilikepotatoes067
    @Ilikepotatoes067 8 개월 전

    8:08 "hey bro,what did you do to him?"

  • @wartiko6221
    @wartiko6221 10 개월 전 +1

    Truly a sadistic view of human civilization in the past as if war was a necessity, because human desires are controlled by anger, the weak die who win. Mera is strong, mighty in power, but also will If humans die, unless they understand their essence as servants of God, let alone modern civilization will be more cruel and sadistic. For humans who have faith, this is: Love for others, Love for Brothers As well as the Love of World Peace that is Eternal, That is the Purpose of Human Life ordered by God to Be Rahmatan Lil aalamiin, Thank you, and Iloveyou ❤️ Aditu laudis, Succesfuly for you🙏👍war Tiko🎉from South Sumatra,😭

  • @tonymickens8803
    @tonymickens8803 11 개월 전 +1

    "Immortals, we put Their Name to the Test!", Thanks for Using My Favorite Game Total War Attila, GREAT Video! @Aditu Laudis

    • @AdituLaudisMMXXI
      @AdituLaudisMMXXI  11 개월 전 +1

      Hey Tony. Thanks for watching!

    • @tonymickens8803
      @tonymickens8803 11 개월 전 +1

      @@AdituLaudisMMXXI Keep'em Coming and I'll keep Watching!

    • @artinrahideh1229
      @artinrahideh1229 11 개월 전

      Funny how they managed to be truly immortal.
      Achaemenids had them from 6th to 4th century b.c.
      Sasanians had them from 3rd to 7th century a.d.
      Pahlavi dynasty had them till approximately 40 years ago.
      So they actually managed to first comeback after hundreds of years in antiquity and later in modern times